What process leads to the formation of sinkholes?

The formation of sinkholes is primarily driven by the process of dissolution of soluble rock by groundwater. This occurs in areas where underlying bedrock, such as limestone, gypsum, or salt, is susceptible to chemical weathering. When rainwater, which is slightly acidic due to dissolved carbon dioxide, percolates through soil and rock, it interacts with the soluble minerals in the bedrock. Over time, this leads to the gradual dissolution of the rock, creating underground voids or cavities.

As these cavities expand, the structural integrity of the overlying material can become compromised. If the roof of a cavity becomes too weak to support its weight, it can collapse suddenly, resulting in a sinkhole. This process is particularly prevalent in karst landscapes, where the presence of significant amounts of soluble rock magnifies the likelihood of sinkhole formation.

Erosion by wind, earthquakes, and glacial activity do not contribute to the unique geological processes that create sinkholes. Instead, these processes lead to other forms of landscape changes and geological features.